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The ethics of...well everything.

Sunday 24 June, 2018
by Dr Bob Murray is an expert in strategy influencing, human motivation and behavioural change.
Almost all scholars agree that we have ethical rules and standards for one essential reason—to enable collaboration among relatively small groups of people. Why small groups? Because modern humans—and their immediate (and unfortunately extinct) cousins (Neanderthals, Denisovans and so forth)—and their distant ancestors (from the common ancestor of us and chimps to Homo erectus) all lived in small groups, so specialising in relating to a small group of individuals became hardwired into our DNA.

Recently I have been asked to talk about the science and behavioural issues around ethics. PwC, a number of large law firms, the British Academy of Chief Executives and the Law Society of Tasmania —among others—have all hosted sessions in which I have spoken about what ethics are really about.

Ethics are, of course, of particular interest to leaders since they have to be constantly on the lookout for unethical, or even criminal, behaviour by their employees—or even their colleagues.

As a behavioural scientist I am deeply interested in the whole field of ethics. I believe that businesses, and society in general, have got quite the wrong idea of what ethics and ethical conduct are all about and I’m on a kind of mission to correct some widely-held but mistaken assumptions.

OK, so let’s start at the beginning: what are ethics and why do we have them?

Almost all scholars agree that we have ethical rules and standards for one essential reason—to enable collaboration among relatively small groups of people. Why small groups? Because modern humans—and their immediate (and unfortunately extinct) cousins (Neanderthals, Denisovans and so forth)—and their distant ancestors (from the common ancestor of us and chimps to Homo erectus) all lived in small groups, so specialising in relating to a small group of individuals became hardwired into our DNA. Professor Robin Dunbar of Oxford University and other researchers have concluded that humans are not capable of relating to more than 150 individuals in any meaningful way. The famous “Dunbar numberi.”

Ethical rules and standards vary widely because each small group forms its own set to enable cooperation in different circumstances and contexts. What is “ethical” to Sicilian Mafia bosses or Russian oligarchs will be different to what is acceptable to Buddhist monks. What works as ethical guidelines in a small firm in Sydney might not work in a large corporation in the US. What’s more, group membership can predispose members to act unethically to other groups which they perceive as competing with them.

A fascinating study published recently showed that even highly ethical individuals can behave in ways that are unethical when they join together in a group. They will do what it takes to further the interests of the group—even if it’s only a virtual group and even if they’ve only just met! This explains a lot of misbehaviour in banks and elsewhere.

But even when there is a set of ethical behaviours that people have agreed to, they do not always abide by them. Why? Here we delve into some interesting findings from the realm of behavioural neurogenetics—my particular field. For example: 

  • People are more prone to unethical conduct if they are sleep deprived. Humans need a certain amount of sleep to be really collaborative—and collaboration is at the heart of ethical or prosocial conduct. Yet most workers are sleep-deprived and their managers wonder why they don’t collaborate well.
  • A lack of energy due to skipping meals or not snacking to replenish calories lost through hard work (even of a cognitive kind) often leads to unethical or even criminally aggressive behaviouriv due to a diminishing supply coming to the brain of the energy neurochemical glutamate. A recent study showed that law firm partners who spend a lot of energy being ethical with clients can come back to the office and be decidedly antisocial with colleagues and staff.
  • A high level of testosterone in either men or women can lead to ego-centric behaviour, risk takingv or unethical conduct. Funnily enough if you think you’re high in testosterone you’re more prone to act unethically—even if you’re not.
  • We make unethical decisions when we’re under stressvi, particularly workplace stress. As the level of work stress increases exponentially so will the propensity of people to indulge in unethical or antisocial conduct. This is a problem we all face.
  • Finally a study was published earlier this year which showed that the amount of air pollution has a profound effect on ethical conductvii. The higher the level of pollution, the more likely it is that people will act unethically. The study also found that just thinking about bad pollution causes antisocial and ethically questionable behaviour.

What does all this mean? What’s the so what? The human system is designed for collaboration—about 80 percent of our genetics play a part in this drive. It’s built into what I call “our design specs.” Any system has design specs—a legal or regulatory system, a tree, a piece of steel—and that system operates more or less perfectly under normal circumstances. However put the system under stressors which it wasn’t designed to cope with and it becomes unstable and if the stress is too great it breaks.

This is what is happening in our human systems. In the broader system you can see it in the growth of fundamentalism of all kinds (whether exhibited by Steve Bannon, or Abū Bakr al-Baghdadi) and their justification of antisocial behaviour by their group against others. On the individual level societal and work stress is also breaking the system leading individuals and small groups to behave non-collaboratively and unethically.

So what do we do? For leaders it means that their efforts must be directed towards systemically reducing the level of stress in their organizations. Only then will they get the collaboration they strive for.

If you enjoyed this article, you are welcome to sign up to Dr Bob Murray’s weekly newsletter “Today’s Research”.

i‘How many friends does one person need? Dunbar’s number and other evolutionary quirks,’ Robin Dunbar, Faber and Faber, 2010.
ii ‘I Lie? We Lie! Why? Experimental Evidence on a Dishonesty Shift in Groups,’ Martin G. Kocher, Simeon Schudy, and Lisa Spantig, Management Science, Articles in Advance.
iii ‘Building a self-regulatory model of sleep deprivation and deception: The role of caffeine and social influence,’ Welsh, David T., Ellis, Aleksander P. J., Christian, Michael S., Mai, Ke Michael, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 99(6), Nov 2014, 1268-1277.
iv ‘Neurobiology of Aggression and Violence,’ Larry J, Seiver, The American Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 165, Issue 4, April 2008, pp. 429-442.
v ‘Testosterone, financial risk-taking, and pathological gambling,Stenstrom, Eric, Saad, Gad, Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, Vol 4(4), Nov 2011, 254-266.
vi ‘Leadership, work stress and employee behavior,’ Yan-Hong Yao, Ying-Ying Fan, Yong-Xing Guo, Yuan Li, (2014), Chinese Management Studies, Vol. 8 Issue: 1, pp.109-126.
vii ‘Polluted Morality: Air Pollution Predicts Criminal Activity and Unethical Behavior,’ Jackson G. Lu, Julia J. Lee, Francesca Gino, Adam D. Galinsky, Psychological Science, February 7, 2018

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